Our results indicate that lysenin recognizes the heterogenous organization of SM in biomembranes and that the organization of SM differs between different cell types and between different membrane domains within the same cell. Model membrane experiments indicated that glycolipid altered the local density of SM so that the affinity of the lipid for lysenin was decreased. The inhibitory role of glycolipids in the binding of lysenin to SM was confirmed by comparing the glycolipid-deficient mutant melanoma cell line with its parent cell. Apical membranes are highly enriched with glycolipids. Using SM-specific toxin, lysenin, we showed that in cultured epithelial cells the accessibility of the toxin to SM is different between apical and basolateral membranes. Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major plasma membrane lipid that forms lipid domains together with cholesterol and glycolipids. See the “Points” tab of the shiny app for a point-and-click implementation.Little is known about the heterogenous organization of lipids in biological membranes. Title = "Grain size", bty = "n", cex = 0.8 ) Legend = paste ( binnedSize, "\u03bcm" ), Title = "Reflectance", bty = "n", cex = 0.8 ) legend ( "topright", pt.cex = dat_cex, pch = 16, Legend = paste ( binnedReflectance, "%" ), Pch = 16 ) legend ( "topleft", col = dat_col, pch = 16, Reflectance = c ( 80, 63, 61, 20 ) ) spectrumBins <- 5 mySpectrum <- viridisLite :: viridis ( spectrumBins ) binnedReflectance <- cut ( dat $ reflectance, spectrumBins ) dat_col <- mySpectrum sizeBins <- 5 mySizes <- seq ( 0.5, 2.4, length.out = sizeBins ) binnedSize <- cut ( dat $ grain_size, sizeBins ) dat_cex <- mySizes TernaryPlot (atip = expression ( SiO ),ītip = expression ( paste ( Fe, O, " (wt%)" ) ),Ĭtip = expression ( paste ( Al, O ) ) ) TernaryPoints ( dat , Point = "West" ) # Another way to add a title title ( "Water phases", cex.main = 0.8 ) # Add horizontal grid lines HorizontalGrid ( ) # Define a polygon middle_triangle <- matrix ( c ( 30, 40, 30,ĥ5, 20, 25 ), ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE ) # Add polygon to plot TernaryPolygon ( middle_triangle, col = "#aaddfa", border = "grey" ) # Connect corners of polygon to plot corners TernaryLines ( list ( c ( 0, 100, 0 ), middle_triangle ), col = "grey" ) TernaryLines ( list ( c ( 0, 0, 100 ), middle_triangle ), col = "grey" ) TernaryLines ( list ( c ( 100, 0, 0 ), middle_triangle ), col = "grey" ) # Add an arrow TernaryArrows ( c ( 20, 20, 60 ), c ( 30, 30, 40 ), length = 0.2, col = "darkblue" ) ) # Next plot: # TernaryPlot ( "Steam", "Ice", "Water", V = c ( 225, 24, 208 ) ) AddToTernary ( points, data_points, pch = 21, cex = 2.8,įunction ( x ) rgb ( x, x, x, 128,Ĭharacter ( 1 ) ) ) AddToTernary ( text, data_points, names ( data_points ), cex = 0.8, font = 2 ) legend ( "bottomright", Padding = 0.08 ) # Colour the background: cols <- TernaryPointValues ( rgb ) ColourTernary ( cols, spectrum = NULL ) # Add data points data_points <- list ( Lab.col = c ( "red", "darkgreen", "blue" ), # Configure plotting area par (mfrow = c ( 1, 2 ), mar = rep ( 0.3, 4 ) ) # Initial plot TernaryPlot (alab = "Redder \u2192", blab = "\u2190 Greener", clab = "Bluer \u2192",
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